Current control systems with current feedbacks

ABSTRACT

A current control system includes a first switch, a second switch, and a controller. The second switch is coupled in parallel with the first switch and operable for providing a feedback signal indicative of a current flowing through the first switch. The feedback signal is determined by a width-to-length ratio of the first switch and a width-to-length ratio of the second switch. In addition, the controller is coupled to the first and second switches and operable for adjusting the current according to the feedback signal.

BACKGROUND

FIG. 1 illustrates a conventional current control system 100. As shown in FIG. 1, a DC/DC (direct current to direct current) converter 102 converts input power 122 to a charging current I₁₁₀ for charging a battery pack 120. A current sensor 104 senses the charging current I₁₁₀ and generates a sense voltage V₁₁₈ that is proportional to the charging current I₁₁₀.

More specifically, the current sensor 104 includes a sense resistor 110 coupled between the DC/DC converter 102 and the battery pack 120. The charging current I₁₁₀ flows through the sense resistor 110, such that a voltage V₁₁₀ on the resistor 110 can be given by V₁₁₀=I₁₁₀*R₁₁₀, where R₁₁₀ represents resistance of the resistor 110. An operational amplifier 112 in the current sensor 104 has a first input terminal 124 coupled to a terminal of the resistor 110, and a second input terminal 126 coupled to another terminal of the resistor 110 via a resistor 114. Since voltage levels at the first and second input terminals 124 and 126 are substantially the same, a voltage V₁₁₄ on the resistor 114 can be substantially equal to the voltage V₁₁₀ on the resistor 110, e.g., V₁₁₄=V₁₁₀=I₁₁₀*R₁₁₀. Furthermore, an output signal 128 of the operational amplifier 112 can turn on a switch 116 that is coupled to the second input terminal 126 and ground via a resistor 118. As such, a current I₁₁₄ can flow through the resistors 114 and 118, and can be given by I₁₁₄=V₁₁₄/R₁₁₄=I₁₁₀*R₁₁₀/R₁₁₄, where R₁₁₄ represents resistance of the resistor 114. The sense voltage V₁₁₈ on the resistor 118 therefore can be given by V₁₁₈=I₁₁₄*R₁₁₈=I₁₁₀*R₁₁₈*R₁₁₀/R₁₁₄, where R₁₁₈ represents resistance of the resistor 118.

As a result, the sense voltage V₁₁₈ is proportional to the charging current I₁₁₀. The DC/DC converter 102 can receive the sense voltage V₁₁₈ and adjust the charging current I₁₁₀ to a desirable current level according to the sense voltage V₁₁₈. However, usually the sense resistor 110 is relatively expensive. In addition, the operational amplifier 112 may cause relatively high power consumption.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and form a part of this specification, illustrate embodiment of the present invention and, together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the invention:

FIG. 1 illustrates a current control system, in accordance with the prior art.

FIG. 2A illustrates a block diagram example of a current control system, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 2B illustrates a detailed circuit diagram example of a current control system, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 3 illustrates plot examples of the adjusted current and the feedback signals in FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 4 illustrates a flowchart example of operations performed by a current control system, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 5 illustrates a detailed circuit diagram example of a current sensor coupled to a switch, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.

SUMMARY

In one embodiment, a current control system includes a first switch, a second switch, and a controller. The second switch is coupled in parallel with the first switch and operable for providing a feedback signal indicative of a current flowing through the first switch. The feedback signal is determined by a width-to-length ratio of the first switch and a width-to-length ratio of the second switch. In addition, the controller is coupled to the first and second switches and operable for adjusting the current according to the feedback signal.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Reference will now be made in detail to the embodiments of the present invention. While the invention will be described in conjunction with these embodiments, it will be understood that they are not intended to limit the invention to these embodiments. On the contrary, the invention is intended to cover alternatives, modifications and equivalents, which may be included within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.

Furthermore, in the following detailed description of the present invention, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. However, it will be recognized by one of ordinary skill in the art that the present invention may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well known methods, procedures, components, and circuits have not been described in detail as not to unnecessarily obscure aspects of the present invention.

In one embodiment, a current control system, e.g., a direct current to direct current (DC/DC) converter, is provided. The current control system can control a high-side switch and a low-side switch coupled in series to the high-side switch. An inductor coupled to the coupled high-side and low-side switches can deliver a current, e.g., a charging current to a battery pack, or a supply current to a load. A current sensor, e.g., a current mirror, provides a feedback signal indicative of the charging/supply current by sensing a current flowing through the high-side switch or the low-side switch. As such, by alternately turning on the high-side and low-side switches according to the feedback signal, the current control system can adjust the charging/supply current to a desirable level.

FIG. 2A illustrates a block diagram example of a current control system 200, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. In one embodiment of the current control system 200, a controller 202 can control a first switch, e.g., a high-side switch 206, according to a feedback signal 220 provided by a current sensor 204, so as to adjust a first current 1206 flowing through the first switch 206. The current sensor 204 can include a second switch 226 coupled in parallel with the first switch 206 and for providing the feedback signal 220. The feedback signal 220 indicates the first current 1206.

More specifically, the first switch 206 can be, but is not limited to, a MOSFET (metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor). The MOSFET 206 has a gate voltage V_(G206), a source voltage V_(S206), and a drain voltage V_(D206). As such, the first current I₂₀₆ can be determined by the gate voltage V_(G206), the source voltage V_(S206), and the drain voltage V_(D206). Moreover, the second switch 226 can be, but is not limited to, a MOSFET. The MOSFET 226 has a gate voltage V_(G226), a source voltage V_(S226), and a drain voltage V_(D226). The feedback signal 220 can be a second current I₂₂₆ flowing through the second switch 226. The second current I₂₂₆ can be determined by the gate voltage V_(G226), the source voltage V_(S226), and the drain voltage V_(D226). In one embodiment, the second current I₂₂₆ is proportional to the first current I₂₀₆, such that the controller 202 coupled to the first and second switches 206 and 226 controls the first current I₂₀₆ according to the second current I₂₂₆.

As shown in FIG. 2A, gate terminals of the first switch 206 and the second switch 226 can be coupled to the same terminal, e.g., a terminal that is driven by the controller 202. Drain terminals of the switches 206 and 226 can be coupled to the same terminal, e.g., a power supply terminal 240. In addition, a voltage level at a source terminal of the first switch 206 and a voltage level at a source terminal of the second switch 226 can be adjusted to be substantially the same. In other words, the first switch 206 and the second switch 226 can have substantially the same gate voltage, drain voltage, and source voltage. As used herein, “substantially the same” means that a difference between a first voltage (e.g., the source voltage of the first switch 206) and a second voltage (e.g., the source voltage of the second switch 226) is permissible so long as the difference is relatively small and can be omitted.

As such, the feedback signal 226, e.g., the second current I₂₂₆, can be determined by a width-to-length ratio W/L of the switch (MOSFET) 206 and a width-to-length ratio W₁/L₁ of the switch (MOSFET) 226. For example, the second current I₂₂₆ is proportional to the first current I₂₀₆, and a ratio of the second current I₂₂₆ to the first current I₂₀₆ is equal to the ratio of W₁/L₁ to W/L, e.g., I₂₂₆/I₂₀₆=(W₁/L₁)/(W/L). In one embodiment, the switches 206 and 226 can be properly chosen such that the ratio of W₁/L₁ to W/L is relatively small, e.g., (W₁/L₁)/(W/L)= 1/1000. Advantageously, the second current I₂₂₆ can be relatively small, e.g., I₂₂₆=I₂₀₆/1000, such that the power consumption can be reduced.

Alternatively, the second current I₂₂₆ can flow through a resistor, such that a voltage V_(RS) on the resistor can be proportional to the first current I₂₀₆ and can be used as a feedback signal. In yet another embodiment, the second current I₂₂₆ can flow through a parallel-coupled resistor and capacitor, and a voltage V_(RC) on the parallel-coupled resistor and capacitor can be proportional to an equivalent (average) level I_(EQ206) of the first current I₂₀₆. The voltage V_(RC) can also be used as a feedback signal.

In one embodiment, the current control system 200 further includes a driven switch, e.g., a low-side switch 208, coupled in series to the first switch 206. The controller 202 can control the first current I₂₀₆ by alternately turning on the first switch 206 and the driven switch 208 according to the feedback signal 220. For example, the controller 202 includes a pulse signal generator (not shown in FIG. 2A) for generating pulse width modulation (PWM) signals 210 and 212 to respectively control the switches 206 and 208. The pulse signal generator also adjusts a duty cycle of the PWM signals 210 and 212 according to the feedback signal 220.

In addition, the switches 206 and 208 are coupled to an inductor 230 that is coupled to ground via a capacitor 218. A current I₂₃₀ flowing through the inductor 230 can be adjusted by turning on the switches 206 and 208 alternately according to the feedback signal 220. For example, when the switch 206 is turned on by the PWM signal 210, the switch 208 is turned off by the PWM signal 212. The current I₂₃₀ can increase. Meanwhile, the second switch 226 is turned on by the PWM signal 210. The second current I₂₂₆ is proportional to the current I₂₃₀. When the switch 206 is turned off, the switch 208 is turned on. The current I₂₃₀ can decrease. Meanwhile, the second switch 226 is turned off. The second current I₂₂₆ is substantially equal to zero. The controller 202 can control, e.g., switch on/off, the switches 206 and 208 according to the feedback signal 220. In one embodiment, the current I₂₃₀ is used to charge a battery pack coupled to a terminal 216. In another embodiment, the current I₂₃₀ is used to power a load coupled to the terminal 216.

Advantageously, in one embodiment, the sense resistor 110 and the operational amplifier 112 shown in FIG. 1 can be omitted, so as to reduce the cost and the power consumption. In addition, the second current I₂₂₆ can be relatively small, e.g., I₂₂₆=I₂₀₆/1000. Therefore, the power consumption can be further reduced.

FIG. 2B illustrates a detailed circuit diagram example of a current control system 200′, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. Elements that are labeled the same as in FIG. 2A have similar functions. In the example of FIG. 2B, a current sensor 264 includes a second switch 226_1 and a third switch 226_2. Both of the switches 226_1 and 226_2 are coupled in parallel with the first switch 206. The second switch 226_1 provides a feedback current I₂₂₆ _(—) ₁ flowing to ground via a resistor 228. The third switch 226_2 provides a feedback current I₂₂₆ _(—) ₂ flowing to ground via the parallel-coupled resistor 250 and capacitor 252. When the switch 206 is turned on and the switch 208 is turned off, the second switch 226_1 and the third switch 226_2 can be turned on, such that both of the feedback currents I₂₂₆ _(—) ₁ and I₂₂₆ _(—) ₂ can be proportional to the current I₂₃₀ flowing through the inductor 230. When the switch 206 is turned off and the switch 208 is turned on, the switches 226_1 and 226_2 can be turned off, such that both of the feedback currents I₂₂₆ _(—) ₁ and I₂₂₆ _(—) ₂ can be substantially equal to zero.

As shown in FIG. 2B, the feedback current I₂₂₆ _(—) ₂ flowing through the third switch 226_2 includes an AC (alternating current) portion I₂₅₂ flowing through the capacitor 252 and a substantial DC (direct current) portion I₂₅₀ flowing through the resistor 250. Since a level of the DC portion I₂₅₀ can be equal to an equivalent (average) level I_(EQ226) _(—) ₂ of the feedback current I₂₂₆ _(—) ₂, a feedback voltage V₂₅₀ on the resistor 250 can be given by V₂₅₀=I₂₅₀*R₂₅₀=I_(EQ226) _(—) ₂*R₂₅₀, where R₂₅₀ represents resistance of the resistor 250. Since the equivalent level I_(EQ226) _(—) ₂ of the feedback current I₂₂₆ _(—) ₂ can be proportional to the equivalent level I_(EQ206) of the first current I₂₀₆, the feedback voltage level V₂₅₀ can be proportional to the equivalent level I_(EQ206) of the first current I₂₀₆.

In one embodiment, the controller 202 includes an OTA (operational transconductance amplifier) 246 coupled to the third switch 226_2. The OTA 246 can receive a predetermined level V_(REF1) and the voltage level V₂₅₀, and generate an output current 224 according to a difference between the predetermined level V_(REF1) and the voltage level V₂₅₀. The output current 244 of the OTA 246 can be proportional to the difference between the voltage levels V_(REF1) and V₂₅₀.

In one embodiment, the output current 244 can flow into or out from a capacitor 242 that is coupled between an output terminal of the OTA 246 and ground. More specifically, when the level V₂₅₀ is lower than the level V_(REF1), the output current 244 can flow into the capacitor 242 so as to charge the capacitor 242, and a reference voltage V_(REF2) on the capacitor 242 can increase. When the level V₂₅₀ is higher than the level V_(REF1), the output current 244 can flow out from the capacitor 242, so as to discharge the capacitor 242, and the reference voltage V_(REF2) can decrease. When the level V₂₅₀ is equal to the level V_(REF1), the output current 244 can be zero and the reference voltage V_(REF2) can be maintained at a specific level V_(SP). In one embodiment, the specific level V_(SP) can be determined by the reference level V_(REF1). For example, the specific level V_(SP) can increase as the reference level V_(REF1) increases, and decrease as the reference level V_(REF1) decreases. As a result, the OTA 246 can generate a reference signal, e.g., the reference voltage V_(REF2) on the capacitor 242, according to a difference between a predetermined level, e.g., V_(REF1)/R₂₅₀, and a feedback signal, e.g., I₂₅₀, indicative of the first current I₂₀₆.

As mentioned above, the feedback current I₂₂₆ _(—) ₁ can flow through the resistor 228, such that a feedback voltage V₂₂₈ on the resistor 228 can be given by V₂₂₈=I₂₂₆ _(—) ₁*R₂₂₈, where R₂₂₈ represents resistance of the resistor 228. The feedback voltage V₂₂₈ can be proportional to the first current I₂₀₆. In one embodiment, the controller 202 further includes a comparator 238. The comparator 238 can compare the feedback signal I₂₂₆ _(—) ₁ with a reference signal and generate a control signal 248 to control the first switch 206 according to the comparison. For example, the comparator 238 compares the feedback voltage V₂₂₈ with the reference voltage V_(REF2).

More specifically, the control signal 248 controls a PWM signal generator 234 to generate a PWM signal 214, in one embodiment. In addition, the PWM signal generator 234 can be controlled by a clock signal 222 from a clock generator 236. A switch driver 232 can receive the PWM signal 214 and generate a pair of complementary PWM signals 210 and 212 to control the switches 206 and 208, respectively. By the applications of the comparator 238 and the clock generator 236, the controller 202 can turn on the switches 206 and 208 in an alternate fashion so as to adjust the current I₂₃₀. The current I₂₃₀ can have a saw-tooth waveform as shown in block 302 of FIG. 3. In addition, the reference level V_(REF2) can be determined by the difference between the feedback voltage level V₂₅₀ and the reference level V_(REF1). As a result, the current I₂₃₀ can be adjusted according to the reference level V_(REF1) and the feedback voltage levels V₂₅₀ and V₂₂₈.

For example, when the control signal 248 is logic high and the clock signal 222 is logic low, the PWM signal 214 can be logic low. Thus, the PWM signal 210 can be logic low to turn off the switch 206, and the PWM signal 212 can be logic high to turn on the switch 208. As such, the current I₂₃₀ can decrease. When the control signal 248 is logic high and the clock signal 222 is logic low, the PWM signal 214 can be logic high. Thus, the PWM signal 210 can be logic high to turn on the switch 206 and the PWM signal 212 can be logic low to turn off the switch 208. As such, the current I₂₃₀ can increase. When both of the control signal 248 and clock signal 222 are logic low, a status of the PWM signal 214 remains unchanged, and so do the statuses of the switches 206 and 208. In one embodiment, the clock signal 222 has a predetermined clock cycle T₂₂₂ and a predetermined duty cycle D₂₄₈. The clock cycle T₂₂₂ and the duty cycle D₂₄₈ can be properly set, such that the control signal 248 and the clock signal 222 are not logic high simultaneously, in one embodiment.

By way of example, at the beginning of a clock cycle T₂₂₂ of the clock signal 222, the clock signal 222 can be logic high and the control signal 248 can be logic low, such that the current I₂₃₀ and the feedback voltage V₂₂₈ increase. After a time interval, the clock signal 222 can become logic low. During the period when both of the signals 248 and 222 are logic low, the feedback voltage V₂₂₈ can increase. In one embodiment, the clock cycle T₂₂₂ of the clock signal 222 can be properly set, such that the feedback voltage level V₂₂₈ can increase to the reference level V_(REF2) before one clock cycle T₂₂₂ expires. When the feedback voltage V₂₂₈ reaches to the reference level V_(REF) 2, the control signal 248 can become logic high, therefore the current I₂₃₀ can decrease. Meanwhile, the second switch 226_1 is turned off, therefore the feedback voltage V₂₂₈ can be zero. As such, the control signal 248 can become logic low again. During the period when both of the signals 248 and 222 are logic low, the current I₂₃₀ can decrease. The clock cycle T₂₂₂ can also be properly set, such that the current I₂₃₀ will not decrease to zero before one clock cycle T₂₂₂ expires. When the clock cycle T₂₂₂ expires, the clock signal 222 can become logic high again, such that the current I₂₃₀ can increase.

In one embodiment, at the beginning of the operation, both of the currents I₂₃₀ and I₂₀₆ can be zero. Therefore, the level of the feedback voltage V₂₅₀ can be zero and lower than the reference level V_(REF1). As such, the OTA 246 can generate the output current 244 to charge the capacitor 242, so as to increase the reference voltage V_(REF2). By comparing the feedback voltage level V₂₂₈ with the reference level V_(REF2), the controller 202 can adjust the maximum level of the feedback voltage V₂₂₈ to increase as the reference level V_(REF2) increases. As such, the equivalent level I_(EQ230) of the current I₂₃₀ increases as the reference level V_(REF2) increases, so does the equivalent level I₂₅₀ of the current I₂₂₆ _(—) ₂. When the equivalent level I₂₅₀ increases to a current level V_(REF1)/R₂₅₀, e.g., the feedback voltage V₂₅₀ increases to the reference level V_(REF1), the output current 244 can be zero and the reference level V_(REF2) can be maintained at a specific level V_(SP). In addition, if the feedback voltage level V₂₅₀ is higher than the reference level V_(REF1), the output current 244 can flow out from the capacitor 242, so as to decrease the reference level V_(REF2). Thus, the feedback voltage level V₂₅₀ can decrease. Consequently, the equivalent level I₂₅₀ can be maintained at V_(REF1)/R₂₅₀, and the equivalent level I_(EQ230) can be maintained at a current level I_(CT), e.g., as shown in block 302 of FIG. 3.

Advantageously, in one embodiment, the reference level V_(REF1) is controllable and the current level I_(CT) is proportional to the reference level V_(REF1). As a result, the equivalent level I_(EQ230) of the current I₂₃₀ can be adjusted to a desirable level by controlling the reference level V_(REF1). Moreover, the output current 244 of the OTA 246 can be zero when the current control system 200′ enters the normal operation, e.g., when the feedback voltage V₂₅₀ is equal to the reference level V_(REF1), such that the power consumption of the current control system 200′ can be further reduced.

In the examples of FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B, the current control systems 200 and 200′ can adjust the current I₂₃₀ according to the feedback signal indicative of the first current I₂₀₆ flowing through the high-side switch 206. In another embodiment, the current control systems 200 and 200′ can also, in a similar manner, adjust the current I₂₃₀ according to a feedback signal (not shown in FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B) indicative of a current I₂₀₈ flowing through the low-side switch 208. In one such embodiment, a separate current sensor (not shown in FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B) having the similar function and/or structure of the current sensor 264 can be used to generate the feedback signal indicative of the current I₂₀₈.

FIG. 3 illustrates plot examples of the adjusted current I₂₃₀ and the feedback signals, e.g., I₂₂₆ _(—) ₁, V₂₂₈, I₂₂₆ _(—) ₂, V₂₅₀, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 3 is described in combination with FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B.

Since the controller 202 can turn on the switches 206 and 208 alternately so as to adjust the current I₂₃₀, the waveform of the current I₂₃₀ can be a saw-tooth waveform as shown in block 302. As mentioned in relation to FIG. 2B, when the switch 206 is turned on and the switch 208 is turned off, both of the feedback currents I₂₂₆ _(—) ₁ and I₂₂₆ _(—) ₂ can be proportional to the current I₂₃₀. When the switch 206 is turned off and the switch 208 is turned on, both of the feedback currents I₂₂₆ _(—) ₁ and I₂₂₆ _(—) ₂ can be substantially equal to zero. Thus, as shown in block 304, the feedback voltage V₂₂₈ can vary in accordance with the current I₂₃₀ when the switch 206 is on and the switch 208 is off. In addition, as shown in block 306, the feedback current I₂₂₆ _(—) ₂ also can vary in accordance with the current I₂₃₀ when the switch 206 is on and the switch 208 is off.

As shown in blocks 304 and 306, when the equivalent level I₂₅₀ Of the current I₂₂₆ _(—) ₂ is less than the level V_(REF1)/R₂₅₀, the reference level V_(REF2) can increase. When equivalent level I₂₅₀ of the current I₂₂₆ _(—) ₂ increases to the level V_(REF1)/R₂₅₀, the reference level V_(REF2) can be maintained at the specific level V_(SP). In addition, the maximum level of the feedback voltage V₂₂₈ can increase as the reference level V_(REF2) increase. Consequently, the equivalent level I_(EQ230) of the current I₂₃₀ can increase as the reference level V_(REF2) increases.

As shown in blocks 302 and 306, the equivalent level I_(EQ230) of the current I₂₃₀ can be proportional to the equivalent level I₂₅₀ of the current I₂₂₆ _(—) ₂. When the equivalent level I₂₅₀ of the current I₂₂₆ _(—) ₂ is adjusted to the level V_(REF1)/R₂₅₀, the equivalent level I_(EQ230) of the current I₂₃₀ can be equal to the current level I_(CT).

FIG. 4 illustrates a flowchart example 400 of operations performed by the current control system 200/200′, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 4 is described in combination with FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B.

In block 402, the first switch 206 can be used to deliver the first current I₂₀₆. In block 404, the second switch 226 coupled in parallel with the first switch 206 can provide the feedback signal 220, e.g., the second current I₂₂₀, indicative of the first current I₂₀₆. Similarly, the second switch 226_1 can provide the feedback current I₂₂₆ _(—) ₁ and the feedback voltage V₂₂₈. The third switch 226_2 can provide the feedback current I₂₂₆ _(—) ₂ and the feedback voltage V₂₅₀.

In block 406, the controller 202 can adjust the first current I₂₀₆ according to the feedback signal. More specifically, in one embodiment, the OTA 246 receives the predetermined level V_(REF1) and the feedback voltage level V₂₅₀, and generates the output current 244 according to a difference between the levels V_(REF1) and V₂₅₀. The output current 244 can be used to increase/decrease the reference voltage V_(REF2) on the capacitor 242. The comparator 238 can compare the feedback voltage V₂₂₈ with the reference voltage V_(REF2), and control the first switch 206 according to the comparison, so as to adjust the first current I₂₀₆.

FIG. 5 illustrates a detailed circuit diagram example of a current sensor 504 coupled to the first switch 206, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. Elements that are labeled the same as in FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B have similar functions. FIG. 5 is described in combination with FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B.

As shown in FIG. 5, the first switch 206 coupled to the power supply terminal 240 can adjust the current I₂₀₆ according to a first sense signal and a second sense signal. The current sensor 504 coupled to the first switch 206 can be used to sense the current I₂₀₆. In one embodiment, the current sensor 504 includes a second switch 522 and a third switch 532. The second switch 522 can be, but is not limited to, a MOSFET. The third switch 532 can be, but is not limited to, a MOSFET.

In one embodiment, the second switch 522 is coupled to a first terminal, e.g., a gate terminal, of the first switch 206 and a second terminal 540_1, e.g., a drain terminal, of the first switch 206. The second switch 522 can be used to provide the first sense signal, e.g., a first sense current I₅₂₂ flowing through the second switch 522. In one such embodiment, the first sense signal e.g., the first sense current I₅₂₂, indicates the current I₂₀₆ when the current I₂₀₆ flows in a first direction, e.g., from terminal 540_1 to terminal 530_2. Similarly, the third switch 532 can be coupled to the first terminal, e.g., the gate terminal, of the first switch 206 and a third terminal 530_2, e.g., a source terminal, of the first switch 206. The third switch 532 can be used to provide the second sense signal, e.g., a second sense current I₅₃₂ flowing through the third switch 532. The second sense signal, e.g., the second sense current I₅₃₂, indicates the current I₂₀₆ when the current I₂₀₆ flows in a second first direction, e.g., from terminal 530_2 to terminal 540_1.

More specifically, in one embodiment, the switch 206 operates in the linear (Ohmic) region. As such, when a voltage level V₅₃₀ _(—) ₂ at the terminal 530_2 is lower than a voltage level V₅₄₀ _(—) ₁ at the terminal 540_1, the current I_(206 can flow from the terminal 540)_1 to the terminal 530_2. When the voltage level V₅₃₀ _(—) ₂ is higher than the voltage level V₅₄₀ _(—) ₁, the current I₂₀₆ can flow from the terminal 530_2 to the terminal 540_1. Assume that a level of the current I₂₀₆ is positive when the current I₂₀₆ flows from the terminal 540_1 to the terminal 530_2, and is negative when the current I₂₀₆ flows from the terminal 530_2 to the terminal 540_1. In one embodiment, when the current level I₂₀₆ is positive, the first sense current I₅₂₂ flowing through the second switch 522 is proportional to the current I₂₀₆, and at the meantime the second sense current I₅₃₂ flowing through the third switch 532 is substantially zero. In one embodiment, when the current level I₂₀₆ is negative, the second sense current I₅₃₂ flowing through the third switch 532 is proportional to the current I₂₀₆, and at the meantime the first sense current I₅₂₂ flowing through the second switch 522 is substantially zero. As used herein, “substantially zero” means that the current may be different from zero so long as a leakage current that may flow through the switch 532 or switch 522 is relatively small and can be omitted.

As shown in FIG. 5, the current sensor 504 can also include two current sources 518_1 and 518_2 for providing two substantially identical currents I₁ and I₂ respectively. As used herein, “substantially identical” means that a difference between the current I₁ and the current I₂ is permissible so long as the difference is relatively small and can be omitted. A current mirror that includes identical MOSFETs 514_1 and 514_2 can be coupled between the two current sources 518_1 and 518_2. The substantially identical currents I₁ and I₂ can flow through the MOSFETs 514_1 and 514_2 respectively, such that a voltage level at the source terminal of the MOSFET 514_1 and a voltage level at the source terminal of the MOSFET 514_2 can be substantially the same.

In one embodiment, the current mirror is also coupled between the third terminal 530_2 of the first switch 206 and the terminal 530_1 of the second switch 522. Thus, the current mirror can adjust a voltage level at the terminal 530_2 of the first switch 206 and a voltage level at the terminal 530_1 of the second switch 522 to be substantially the same. As such, in one embodiment, the first and second switches 206 and 522 have substantially the same gate voltage, drain voltage, and source voltage. Thus, the first sense current I₅₂₂ flowing through the second switch 522 can be proportional to the current I₂₀₆. In addition, if W/L is a width-to-length ratio of the first switch 206, and W₂/L₂ is a width-to-length ratio of the second switch 522, the ratio of the current I₂₀₆ to the current I₅₂₂ can be equal to the ratio of W/L to W₂/L₂, e.g., I₂₀₆/I₅₂₂=(W/L)/(W₂/L₂).

Compared with the first sense current I₅₂₂, the current I₁ can be neglected, such that a sense current I₅₁₆ _(—) ₂ flowing through a MOSFET 516_2 that is coupled to the terminal 530_1 can be substantially equal to the first sense current I₅₂₂. In one embodiment, the current sensor 504 further includes a current mirror that includes identical MOSFETs 516_1 and 516_2, and a current mirror that includes identical MOSFETs 520_1 and 520_2. By the applications of the MOSFETs 516_1, 516_2, 520_1 and 520_2, a sense current I₅₁₆ _(—) ₁ flowing through the MOSFET 516_1 can be equal to the sense current I₅₁₆ _(—) ₂, and a sense current I_(POS) flowing through the MOSFET 520_2 can be equal to the sense current I₅₁₆ _(—) ₁. As a result, the sense current I_(POS) can be substantially equal to the first sense current I₅₂₂, and therefore can be proportional to the current I₂₀₆, e.g., I₂₀₆/I_(POS)=(W/L)/(W₂/L₂).

In one embodiment, when the current I₂₀₆ flows in the first direction that is from the terminal 540_1 to the terminal 530_2, the first sense current I₅₂₂ and the sense current I_(POS) is proportional to the current I₂₀₆. However, when the current I₂₀₆ flows from the terminal 530_2 to the terminal 540_1, the voltage level V₅₃₀ _(—) ₂ at the terminal 530_2 is higher than a voltage level V₂₄₀ at the power supply terminal 240. If the current source 518_1 operates properly, a voltage level V₅₃₀ _(—) ₁ at the terminal 530_1 can be equal to the voltage level V₅₃₀ _(—) ₂. Therefore, the voltage level V₅₃₀ _(—) ₁ is higher than the power supply voltage level V₂₄₀. As such, the first sense current I₅₂₂ will not flow through the switch 522 from the power supply terminal 240 to the terminal 530_1. Moreover, since the voltage level V₅₃₀ _(—) ₁ is higher than ground, the sense current I₅₁₆ _(—) ₂ will not flow through the switch 516_2 from ground to the terminal 530_1. As a result, the current I₁ provided by the current source 518_1 can become zero, and a voltage level at a terminal 534 of the current source 518_1 can be dragged down. In one embodiment, the gate terminals of the MOSFETs 516_1 and 516_2 are coupled to the terminal 534. Therefore, the MOSFETs 516_1 and 516_2 can be turned off. In other words, when the current I₂₀₆ flows in the second direction that is from the terminal 530_2 to the terminal 540_1, the first sense current I₅₂₂ and the sense current I_(POS) can be substantially zero. As used herein, “substantially zero” means that the sense current I_(POS) may be different from zero so long as a leakage current that may flow through the switch 520_2 is relatively small and can be omitted.

Similarly, current sources 528_1 and 528_2 can generate two substantially identical currents I₃ and I₄ to flow through a current mirror, e.g., to flow through identical MOSFETs 524_1 and 524_2 respectively. As such, a voltage level at the source terminal of the MOSFET 524_1 and a voltage level at the source terminal of the MOSFET 524_2 can be substantially the same. In one embodiment, the source terminal of the MOSFET 524_1 is coupled to the second terminal 540_1 of the first switch 206, and the source terminal of the MOSFET 524_2 is coupled to the terminal 540_2 of the third switch 532. As such, a voltage level at the second terminal 540_1 of the first switch 206 and a voltage level at the terminal 540_2 of the third switch 532 can be substantially the same. In other words, the first and third switches 206 and 532 can have substantially the same gate voltage, drain voltage, and source voltage. Thus, the second sense current I₅₃₂ flowing through the third switch 532 can be proportional to the current I₂₀₆.

Compared with the second sense current I₅₃₂, the current I₄ can be neglected. Therefore, a sense current I₅₂₆ _(—) ₁ flowing a switch 526_1 that is coupled to the terminal 540_2 can be substantially equal to the second sense current I₅₃₂. By the application of a current mirror that includes the identical MOSFETs 526_1 and 526_2, a sense current I_(NEG) flowing through the MOSFET 526_2 can be substantially equal to the second sense current I₅₃₂. Furthermore, in one embodiment, the second and third switches 522 and 532 can have the same width-to-length ratio, such that the ratio of the current I₂₀₆ to the current I₅₃₂ can be equal to the ratio of W/L to W₂/L₂, e.g., I₂₀₆/I₅₃₂=(W/L)/(W₂/L₂).

In one embodiment, when the current I₂₀₆ flows in the second direction that is from the terminal 530_2 to the terminal 540_1, the second sense current I₅₃₂ and the sense current I_(NEG) can be proportional to the current I₂₀₆, e.g., I₂₀₆/I_(NEG)=(W/L)/(W₂/L₂). When the current I₂₀₆ flows from the terminal 540_1 to the terminal 530_2, the current I₄ can become zero and the MOSFETs 526_1 and 526_2 can be turned off. Thus, the second sense current I₅₃₂ and the sense current I_(NEG) can be substantially zero.

Advantageously, the feedback signal 220, e.g., the second current I₂₂₆, generated by the current sensor 504 can be a superposition of the sense current I_(POS) and the sense current I_(NEG), e.g., I₂₂₆=I_(POS)+I_(NEG)=I₂₀₆*(W/L)/(W₂/L₂). As such, the current sensor 504 can sense not only the positive portion of the current I₂₀₆ but also the negative portion of the current I₂₀₆. In one embodiment, the controller 202 can adjust the current I₂₀₆ according to the sense signals I_(POS) and I_(NEG), so as to adjust the current I₂₃₀. In the example of FIG. 5, the current sensor 504 is used to sense the current I₂₀₆ flowing through the switch 206. However, the current sensor 504 can also be used to sense currents flowing through other switches, such as the switch 208, a charging switch and a discharging switch in a battery charging/discharging system, etc.

Accordingly, embodiments in accordance with the present invention provide current control systems that generate regulated currents. The current control systems can be used in various applications, e.g., charging a battery pack, powering a load, or driving LEDs (light emit diodes), etc. By employing the current mirrors, the current control systems can generate feedback signals having relatively low levels indicating the currents. In addition, the current control systems can adjust the currents according to the feedback signals, e.g., by comparing the feedback signals with reference signals. As such, the current control systems can adjust the currents to predetermined or desirable levels. Furthermore, the cost and the power consumption of the current control systems can be reduced.

While the foregoing description and drawings represent embodiments of the present invention, it will be understood that various additions, modifications and substitutions may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the principles of the present invention as defined in the accompanying claims. One skilled in the art will appreciate that the invention may be used with many modifications of form, structure, arrangement, proportions, materials, elements, and components and otherwise, used in the practice of the invention, which are particularly adapted to specific environments and operative requirements without departing from the principles of the present invention. The presently disclosed embodiments are therefore to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive, the scope of the invention being indicated by the appended claims and their legal equivalents, and not limited to the foregoing description. 

1. A current control system comprising: a first switch; a second switch coupled in parallel with said first switch and operable for providing a feedback signal indicative of a first current flowing through said first switch, wherein said feedback signal is determined by a width-to-length ratio of said first switch and a width-to-length ratio of said second switch; and a controller coupled to said first and second switches, and operable for adjusting said first current according to said feedback signal.
 2. The current control system as claimed in claim 1, wherein a voltage level at a terminal of said first switch and a voltage level at a terminal of said second switch are substantially the same.
 3. The current control system as claimed in claim 1, wherein said feedback signal comprises a second current flowing through said second switch that is proportional to said first current.
 4. The current control system as claimed in claim 1, wherein said controller controls said first current by alternately turning on said first switch and a driven switch coupled in series to said first switch according to said feedback signal.
 5. The current control system as claimed in claim 1, wherein said controller comprises a comparator operable for comparing said feedback signal with a reference signal, and for generating a control signal to control said first switch according to the comparison.
 6. The current control system as claimed in claim 1, further comprising: a third switch coupled in parallel with said first switch and operable for providing a feedback current indicative of said first current flowing through said first switch; and an amplifier coupled to said third switch and operable for generating a reference signal according to a difference between a predetermined level and a level of said feedback current.
 7. The current control system as claimed in claim 6, wherein said reference signal comprises a voltage on a capacitor that is coupled between an output terminal of said amplifier and ground.
 8. The current control system as claimed in claim 1, wherein said controller comprise a pulse signal generator operable for generating a pulse width modulation (PWM) signal to control said first switch and adjusting a duty cycle of said PWM signal according to said feedback signal.
 9. A method for controlling a first current comprising: delivering said first current by a first switch; providing a feedback signal indicative of said first current by a second switch coupled in parallel with said first switch; and adjusting said first current according to said feedback signal, wherein a voltage level at a terminal of said first switch and a voltage level at a terminal of said second switch are substantially the same.
 10. The method as claimed in claim 9, wherein said feedback signal comprises a second current flowing through said second switch that is proportional to said first current.
 11. The method as claimed in claim 9, further comprising: controlling said first current by alternately turning on said first switch and a driven switch coupled in series to said first switch according to said feedback signal.
 12. The method as claimed in claim 9, further comprising: comparing said feedback signal with a reference signal; and controlling said first switch according to the comparison.
 13. The method as claimed in claim 9, further comprising: providing a feedback current indicative of said first current by a third switch coupled in parallel with said first switch; and generating a reference signal according to a difference between a predetermined level and a level of said feedback current.
 14. A current control system comprising: a first switch operable for adjusting a current flowing through said first switch according to a first sense signal and a second sense signal, wherein said first sense signal indicates said current when said current flows in a first direction, and wherein said second sense signal indicates said current when said current flows in a second direction; a second switch coupled to a first terminal of said first switch and a second terminal of said first switch, and operable for providing said first sense signal; and a third switch coupled to said first terminal of said first switch and a third terminal of said first switch, and operable for providing said second sense signal.
 15. The current control system as claimed in claim 14, wherein said first sense signal is proportional to said current when said current flows in said first direction, and wherein said first sense signal is substantially zero when said current flows in said second direction.
 16. The current control system as claimed in claim 14, wherein said second sense signal is proportional to said current when said current flows in said second direction, and wherein said second sense signal is substantially zero when said current flows in said first direction.
 17. The current control system as claimed in claim 14, further comprising: a controller coupled to said first switch and operable for controlling said current by alternately turning on said first switch and a driven switch coupled in series to said first switch according to said first and second sense signals.
 18. The current control system as claimed in claim 14, further comprising: two current sources operable for providing two substantially identical currents respectively; and a current mirror coupled between said two current sources, and coupled between said third terminal of said first switch and a terminal of said second switch, and operable for adjusting a voltage level at said third terminal of said first switch and a voltage level at said terminal of said second switch to be substantially the same.
 19. The current control system as claimed in claim 14, wherein a voltage level at said second terminal of said first switch and a voltage level at a terminal of said third switch are substantially the same.
 20. The current control system as claimed in claim 14, wherein said current control system generates a feedback signal indicative of a superposition of said first sense signal and said second sense signal.
 21. The current control system as claimed in claim 20, further comprising: a comparator operable for comparing said feedback signal with a reference signal and for generating a control signal to control said first switch according to the comparison. 